The Different Career Options for Psychologists Essay

Psychology is the scientific study of actions and behaviors. Psychologists often form hypotheses and test these through studies and research. They carefully follow the scientific method to gather data. The research methods used by psychologists vary by branches of study. These methods include controlled laboratory experiments, and personality, intelligence, aptitude, or performance tests. Other methods of research are interviews, observations, questionnaires, surveys, and clinical studies. There are a wide range of careers under the umbrella of psychology. According to the American Psychological Association, there are fifty-six different divisions of psychology. Some of these divisions include abnormal, biological, clinical,†¦show more content†¦The most common type of psychology is clinical psychology. Clinical psychology deals with the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Problems a clinical psychologist may treat include depression, schizop hrenia, or phobias. They often consult with physicians about the physical symptoms a patient has that are caused by underlying psychological issues, such as anorexia nervosa. Counseling psychologists advise people on how to take advantage of their resources and cope with everyday problems in life. These professionals use psychotherapy, teaching, and scientific research dealing with individuals, families, and organizations. Neuropsychologists study relationships between the brain and behavior. They study the way the brain makes and stores memories, and the way an injury can affect emotions and behavior. Neuropsychologists often use imaging techniques such as PET and MRI. They also help victims of brain injuries resume a normal life. Educational psychology focuses on how effective teaching and learning take place. It deals with learning environments, and students’ abilities and motivation. Educational psychologists often meet with parents and teachers to determine t he best strategy for healthy learning, particularly for disabled and gifted children. Psychology is often confused with psychiatry. Although both studies are those of mental health, they are not synonymous. Psychiatrists are actually medical doctors who have a specialtyShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychology And Psychology1630 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology is a very broad field of study and requires a lot of research when choosing a career. The education that is required for pursuing a career in the field of psychology depends on the type of psychologist you want to be. Most psychology programs require at least a master s degree to pursue a psychologist career, but some may require a doctoral degree. It is important to know the educational requirements as well as state requirements when entering the field of psychology. Southwestern hasRead MoreA Brief Note On Forensic Psychology And The Criminal Justice System1270 Words   |  6 Pagescriminal justice system can be broken dow n into various different parts, all of which composed of people doing different jobs. While many people only know of common roles, there are many smaller jobs that are no less important. One critical job linked to the criminal justice system is that of a forensic psychologist. Forensic psychology requires a background in psychology, but works primarily in the court system. Most of the time, a forensic psychologist applies their expertise in psychology to a case,Read MoreThe Importance Of Becoming A Forensic Psychologist1218 Words   |  5 Pagestheir future. Every minute of every day is spent trying to become better equipped, whether it be voluntary or an instinct. Picking a career is just one example of an aspect in life that is heavily dependent on choices throughout life. Decisions about what courses to take, what college to attend, what major to pick, where to live after graduation, all depend on the career a person is pursuing. For someone who desires to enter the department o f forensic psychology, certain steps must be taken. It is essentialRead MoreThe World of Psychology Essay example620 Words   |  3 Pagesadvertised product. Psychologists usually treat patients with a mental or emotional problem, but they also serve as scientists researching human behavior. They study how humans relate to each other, and work to improve these relationships. Psychologist especially concentrates on behaviors that affect the mental and emotional health of healthy human beings. In order to be a psychologist, one must know the educational requirements, the benefits, and the working conditions. Psychologists study the humanRead MorePsychology or Accounting?775 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology or Accounting Choosing a career is one of the most important decisions a person has to make in their life. It is so important because that is what people will have to do to support their selves throughout life. For the past ten years psychology and accounting were two of the top ten potential career choices. According to the U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics up to 70,000 bachelors degrees in psychology were awarded, and up to 30,000 in accountingRead MoreA Career in Medical Psychology1223 Words   |  5 Pagesusually a really enormous subject matter. They are a lot of numerous career fields of therapy. Therapy being a scholarly analyze with the brain as well as actions goes towards Historic Greeks. There is also proof of subconscious believed within ancient Egypt. Psychology seemed to be the branch of philosophy until the 1870s, whenever the idea created just as one separate medical discipline. Psychology edges with a few other career fields as well as ph ysiology, neuroscience, artificial intelligenceRead MoreA Nurse For A Long Time947 Words   |  4 Pagesconfirmed to me that this really is something that I want to do. I was able to ask him questions that pertained to a future with a psychology degree. He told me that psychology is a wonderful thing to go into. There is such a need for them in so many different areas. He told me that as a psychology major each person must choose an Emphasis. There are three emphases at BYU Idaho: General Psychology, Industrial organization psychology, and medical psychology. General Psychology emphasis is basically a normalRead MoreSelf Assessment And Education Planning1116 Words   |  5 Pagesrequired to work in any of the fields assessed on the spectrum, along with the determination and skills to fulfill the necessary requirements. Results in the interest profiler measured my Primary area of interest as (S) Social and specifies several career options available by obtaining a degree in psychology. The profiler outlined a person with social interest with a preference of being involved in assisting, encouraging learning and personal growth. The Social type prefers to communicate, teach, and offerRead MorePsychology, The Scientific Study Of The Mind1476 Words   |  6 Pages is a very broad field with many career opportunities. Psychology is a fairly new field and has many job opportunities available for anyone wanting to make a career with a degree. There are therapy related jobs along with jobs that are not therapy related. Most psychologists wanting a job that is therapy related need a master’s degree or doctoral, however ones who do not pursue a job with therapy obtain a bachelor’s or master’s. The average pay for psychologists ranges from around $70,000 to $100Read MoreIs Winning Everythi ng? : Is It All About The Enjoyment Of The Game That Really Matters?1618 Words   |  7 Pagesnot feel themselves. Whether those are days where they’re mentally or physically off, they should have an option to speak their mind to someone. All they really need is a different mind frame. That is when a psychologist is suggested. There are many different types of psychologists to choose from. Students, for example, need education psychologist while athletes need a sports psychologist. On the field of competition, all athletes must have a survival mentality. To reach the Gold and Glory,

Marketing Speech Notes Distribution Channels - 1379 Words

Hi, my name is xxxxxxx and this is xxxxx. Our talk is on Topic 10: Distribution strategies. The first question asked us to examine Marketing Distribution Channels. Identify and describe the marketing distribution channel system currently being used by the company and product and highlight the types of wholesalers and/or retailers used. A distribution channel can be defined as a set of interdependent organisations and firms that are involved in the process of directing products from producers to end consumers. Marketing Intermediaries are an integral part of this process and can be seen as middlemen. They are used to help the company promote, sell, and distribute its goods to other necessary intermediaries or ultimately - the final†¦show more content†¦Exclusive distribution involves a limited number of intermediaries given exclusive rights to distribute the companys products, so as to limit number of channel members to one intermediary in each geographic territory. An example of this type of distribution can be easily found in the automotive industry, with prestigious brands such as Porsche, Ferrari, Jaguar and Maseratti all having a limited number of dealerships. Selective distribution involves the use of more intermediaries than that used on an exclusive basis, but still fewer than all possible intermediaries. A limited few intermediaries are used to sell the product within a given geographic region. This is a technique employed by many television or furniture companies. Clothing companies such as country road and Tommy Hilfiger as distribute in this manner. Using selective methods enables means company does not have to spread it efforts out over a large area, this gives a higher amount of control and usually results in lower costs. Companies can then concentrate on relationships and interactions with intermediaries so as to maintain a good image and to improve the overall selling effort. Intensive distribution is used by producers of convenience goods and common raw materials. Intensive distribution is a strategy which entails the use of all possible and suitable outlets for the product. This type of distribution is highly competitive and is often sought by manufacturers of high-volume,Show MoreRelatedMarketing Theory and Example7270 Words   |  30 PagesTopic : Marketing. 1.introduce to marketing. The major purpose of marketing is to recognize the individual and societal needs. If a product is produced without consumption, it will not be able to bring any profits to the manufacturer. Therefore, the brief definition of marketing is to evaluate people’s needs profitably. In 1985, the American Marketing Association defines marketing as follow: Marketing is the activity, set of processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offeringsRead MoreA Report on Exploring Distribution Channel of Grameen Phone7792 Words   |  32 PagesA Report on Exploring Distribution Channel of Grameen Phone i A Report on Exploring Distribution Channel of Grameen Phone Submitted To Dr. Md. Baktiar Rana Course Title: Marketing Channel Management Course Code: MKT 403 Submitted By Aniqa Tahsin Anchal(787) Md. Shafaeth Zaman(802) Nafiz Imtiaz Noor(816) Md. Ashiqul Islam(1332) Md. Aftarul Islam(1981) Date of Submission 22nd February, 2014 Institute of Business Administration, Jahangirnagar University ii LETTERRead MoreMass Communication5882 Words   |  24 Pagesincreasingly focused on the convergence of publishing, broadcasting and digital communication. The academic mass communication discipline historically differs from media studies and communication studies programs with roots in departments of theatre, film or speech, and with more interest in qualitative, interpretive theory, critical or cultural approaches to communication study. In contrast, many mass communication programs historically lean toward empirical analysis and quantitative research -- from statisticalRead MoreResearch Paper on Singapore1805 Words   |  8 Pagesresearch results regarding Singapore, as well as draw the picture of its marketing environment. I will include the information about the location, climate, population, religion and culture, official spoken languages, state of economy and level of technologies, political and legal systems, level of competition and potential for economic growth. In the conclusion I will highlight advantages and disadvantages of the Singapore marketing environment. 1. Introduction Singapore is the nation of islands whichRead MoreSales and Marketing for Financial Institutions80443 Words   |  322 PagesFIN235 sales and marketing for financial institutions Master of Applied Finance INTRODUCTION TOPIC 1 TOPIC 2 TOPIC 3 TOPIC 4 TOPIC 5 TOPIC 6 TOPIC 7 TOPIC 8 TOPIC 9 INTRODUCTION DISCLAIMER These materials are issued by Kaplan Higher Education on the understanding that: 1. Kaplan Higher Education and individual contributors are not responsible for the results of any action taken on the basis of information in these materials, nor forRead MoreTaran Swan Hbr Case Analysis2602 Words   |  11 PagesNickelodeon is a cable channel for kids 2-11 years old. It started out in the US in 1979. Nickelodeon produced cartoons, live action, comedy, drama, music, sports and game shows. In 1996 it was the most popular kid’s TV channel in the US. The international channels had their own names, but relied on US programs that were voiced over. The channels were launched by a team from corporate the company called the Nickelodeon International Swat Team. They would build the channel and transition it to localRead MoreDaffodil International University7456 Words   |  30 Pagesï » ¿ Daffodil International University Internship Report On Marketing Challenges of Readymade Garments Industry in Global Market: A Comparative Study on Lusaka Group Supervised By: Mr.Gouranga Chandra Debnath Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration Daffodil International University Prepared By: Md.Nahid Hasan ID NO # 073-11-2130 Batch: 18th Major: Marketing Date of Submission: 31-08-2014Read MoreEssay on Bus 599 Week 11 Bus599 Week 115733 Words   |  23 Pagesbelieve is the best strategic position for your company. Explain the approach you will use to implement this strategic position in order to distinguish your beverage from other non-alcoholic beverages. 5. Provide an overview of your company’s distribution channels. Explain the manner in which your product will reach end users. Provide a rationale for your chosen method. * Hints:  For example, will you sell your beverage in grocery stores, restaurants, or sports venues? If so, describe the typesRead MoreEssay about What Chuck Dons Can Learn From Apple Computer2915 Words   |  12 Pagesidentify an additional company that could benefit from the lessons from this case. Success From this case study, four main components of success for Apple Computer Inc. surface: Innovation Strategic thinking and partnerships Marketing savvy Learning from past mistakes Apple Computer Inc. demonstrates a history of innovation. From its beginnings and introduction of the Apple II, to the Mac, to its more recent iTunes and iPhone, Apple has managed to maintain a competitiveRead MoreBoots Strategic Planning and Implementation5135 Words   |  21 Pagesexternal competitive market environment. It is related with marketing strategy, production and operations strategy, finance and other business objectives. A weak strategic marketing planning could create wastage of resources and miss the opportunities. Effective strategy is able to correlate the different operations within the organisation in order to reach a common goal. Graeme Drummond, John Ensor, Ruth Ashford (2008) Strategic Marketing: Planning and Control (3rd edition) Task1: Alliance Boots

Tropical Rainforests vs Tropical Grasslands Free Essays

Discussion Based on the data at Tables 4c. 2 and 4c. 3, it is evident that the tropical rainforest has higher species richness than the tropical grassland ecosystem. We will write a custom essay sample on Tropical Rainforests vs Tropical Grasslands or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, when based in the indices on Diversity, Similarity and Dominance in the tropical grassland and tropical rainforest data, the Simpson Indices favor the data for the tropical rainforest as more diverse than the tropical grassland. The Simpson Indices, as defined in Cuevas et. al (2012), is based on dominance and as the number of dominant species in a community are few, the species has low diversity. The tropical rainforest ecosystem showed a higher index of dominance than the tropical rainforest resulting to the higher values it obtained in the Simpson Indices of Similarity and Evenness. This means that most of the dominant organisms present in the grassland are quite similar and the same due to the higher Simpson Indices on Equitability and Diversity while it is a different case for the forest. First, we need to identify the forest study site as a secondary or primary growth type. From the tables of species richness and number of species seen in an area, we can deduce that the forest study site is a secondary growth forest. Secondary growth forests are products of secondary succession. Secondary succession, as described in Campbell (1996), is the type of succession that occurs when the soil is intact and accommodates a considerable amount of nutrients that can support life. This succession is primarily dependent on the pioneer species (e. g mosses, weeds and etc. ) which tends the soil from its lifeless state. Since pioneer species are mostly small and more adaptable to the harsh environment, we can say that the organisms or individuals present in the forest study site are products of secondary succession. A primary growth tropical rainforest, in turn, has the following characteristics: a barren soil, presence of few organisms that can flourish at extreme conditions (pioneer organisms) and development of communities in a newly formed habitat (Ricklefs, 2008). However, the study site showing the higher species diversity based on Shannon index is the tropical rainforest study site. Comparing data presented at Table 4C. 4, the tropical rainforest showed that even in the degree of randomness of the species, the tropical rainforest showed a wider variety of species compared to the tropical grassland. The Shannon Indices are also dependent on the species richness or the number of species in a given area. (Begon et. al, 2006). Also, some species or individuals are specific in terms of their habitat. This species are sometimes common in a given habitat while rare in another type of habitat. For the common species in the grassland, Imperata cyndrica, Mimosa and Elepantopus are examples of species that are generally common due to their intercepted lengths or relative covers, as seen in Table 4C. 2, which yielded considerable values for it to be classified as common. Grassland individuals form in clusters and are difficult to recognize as individual species, which is why counting them as separate individuals is not practical and difficult. They are counted through the relative cover that their nodules occupy. These individuals may have the following factors that allowed them to develop in their present habitat: good interspecific competitor, highly adaptive to harsh environment and efficient distribution of nutrients and essential compounds to the plant itself. However, some species are rare in grasslands. Examples of the rare species in the grassland ecosystem are Desmodium, Sorghum, and Borreria. Based on the intercepted lengths and % cover of the species in Table 4C. 3, the species are rare due to low values it yielded on the parameters (i. e. intercepted lengths, relative cover and etc. ) and thus, regarding it as rare. This species or individuals may be rare due to low interspecific competition and are not yet adapted to their environment. They may also be dispersed randomly and landed on a grassland ecosystem that offers unfavorable conditions to the growth and development of such plants. Species that are quite common in the tropical rainforest are the Palosanto, Caryota cumingii and Cariota rumphiana. Even if the species or individuals are high in numbers compared to other plant species present in that area, we cannot conclude that these plants are the dominant individuals in the tropical rainforest. There may be certain reasons why these individuals are high in numbers. We should include factors such as reproduction rates or processes since these individuals have different ways of propagating their seeds and also the nutrient availability of the given area in the study site that the individuals really thrive for specific nourishment the place or area provides. Also, the forest has a larger area for growth and development of species and a larger area would signify that it could accommodate more species than the grassland ecosystem. The diversity of individuals in an ecosystem is affected by many factors including the area, nutrient availability and presence of biotic interactions such as competition, mutualism and etc. that would allow species or individuals to grow and develop for a higher diversity in an ecosystem. Begon et. Al, 2006) Conclusion Based on the data gathered and computed, we can say that even if the tropical rainforest species or individuals showed lesser dominance on one another, they exhibited a wider variety of species than the tropical grassland organisms. In the computation for the Shannon’s Indices of Diversity and Evenness, the tropical rainforest is a better candidate for a more diverse and even distribution of species compared to the tropical grassland. The same goes for the Simpson Indices of Dominance, Diversity and Evenness of the tropical rainforest that was more favorable than the tropical grassland. However, presence of viable resources, the area of the ecosystem and specific biotic interactions, such as competition in clumped-distributed plants, greatly affects the diversity of plants since plants tend to disperse and develop in places or areas that have lesser competition and high amount of viable nutrients. Since the tropical rainforest showed most of the characteristics needed for a plant individual to diversify, we can conclude that the tropical rainforest is more diverse and exhibits higher species richness than the tropical grassland ecosystem. However, It is strongly recommended that the increase of transect size or area for research study regarding the diversity and richness of species to validate the errors in this exercise. Introduction A community, as defined in the Dictionary of Ecology (1962), is a group of one or more populations of organisms in a common spatial arrangement or area. How to cite Tropical Rainforests vs Tropical Grasslands, Papers Tropical Rainforests vs Tropical Grasslands Free Essays Discussion Based on the data at Tables 4c. 2 and 4c. 3, it is evident that the tropical rainforest has higher species richness than the tropical grassland ecosystem. We will write a custom essay sample on Tropical Rainforests vs Tropical Grasslands or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, when based in the indices on Diversity, Similarity and Dominance in the tropical grassland and tropical rainforest data, the Simpson Indices favor the data for the tropical rainforest as more diverse than the tropical grassland. The Simpson Indices, as defined in Cuevas et. al (2012), is based on dominance and as the number of dominant species in a community are few, the species has low diversity. The tropical rainforest ecosystem showed a higher index of dominance than the tropical rainforest resulting to the higher values it obtained in the Simpson Indices of Similarity and Evenness. This means that most of the dominant organisms present in the grassland are quite similar and the same due to the higher Simpson Indices on Equitability and Diversity while it is a different case for the forest. First, we need to identify the forest study site as a secondary or primary growth type. From the tables of species richness and number of species seen in an area, we can deduce that the forest study site is a secondary growth forest. Secondary growth forests are products of secondary succession. Secondary succession, as described in Campbell (1996), is the type of succession that occurs when the soil is intact and accommodates a considerable amount of nutrients that can support life. This succession is primarily dependent on the pioneer species (e. g mosses, weeds and etc. ) which tends the soil from its lifeless state. Since pioneer species are mostly small and more adaptable to the harsh environment, we can say that the organisms or individuals present in the forest study site are products of secondary succession. A primary growth tropical rainforest, in turn, has the following characteristics: a barren soil, presence of few organisms that can flourish at extreme conditions (pioneer organisms) and development of communities in a newly formed habitat (Ricklefs, 2008). However, the study site showing the higher species diversity based on Shannon index is the tropical rainforest study site. Comparing data presented at Table 4C. 4, the tropical rainforest showed that even in the degree of randomness of the species, the tropical rainforest showed a wider variety of species compared to the tropical grassland. The Shannon Indices are also dependent on the species richness or the number of species in a given area. (Begon et. al, 2006). Also, some species or individuals are specific in terms of their habitat. This species are sometimes common in a given habitat while rare in another type of habitat. For the common species in the grassland, Imperata cyndrica, Mimosa and Elepantopus are examples of species that are generally common due to their intercepted lengths or relative covers, as seen in Table 4C. 2, which yielded considerable values for it to be classified as common. Grassland individuals form in clusters and are difficult to recognize as individual species, which is why counting them as separate individuals is not practical and difficult. They are counted through the relative cover that their nodules occupy. These individuals may have the following factors that allowed them to develop in their present habitat: good interspecific competitor, highly adaptive to harsh environment and efficient distribution of nutrients and essential compounds to the plant itself. However, some species are rare in grasslands. Examples of the rare species in the grassland ecosystem are Desmodium, Sorghum, and Borreria. Based on the intercepted lengths and % cover of the species in Table 4C. 3, the species are rare due to low values it yielded on the parameters (i. e. intercepted lengths, relative cover and etc. ) and thus, regarding it as rare. This species or individuals may be rare due to low interspecific competition and are not yet adapted to their environment. They may also be dispersed randomly and landed on a grassland ecosystem that offers unfavorable conditions to the growth and development of such plants. Species that are quite common in the tropical rainforest are the Palosanto, Caryota cumingii and Cariota rumphiana. Even if the species or individuals are high in numbers compared to other plant species present in that area, we cannot conclude that these plants are the dominant individuals in the tropical rainforest. There may be certain reasons why these individuals are high in numbers. We should include factors such as reproduction rates or processes since these individuals have different ways of propagating their seeds and also the nutrient availability of the given area in the study site that the individuals really thrive for specific nourishment the place or area provides. Also, the forest has a larger area for growth and development of species and a larger area would signify that it could accommodate more species than the grassland ecosystem. The diversity of individuals in an ecosystem is affected by many factors including the area, nutrient availability and presence of biotic interactions such as competition, mutualism and etc. that would allow species or individuals to grow and develop for a higher diversity in an ecosystem. Begon et. Al, 2006) Conclusion Based on the data gathered and computed, we can say that even if the tropical rainforest species or individuals showed lesser dominance on one another, they exhibited a wider variety of species than the tropical grassland organisms. In the computation for the Shannon’s Indices of Diversity and Evenness, the tropical rainforest is a better candidate for a more diverse and even distribution of species compared to the tropical grassland. The same goes for the Simpson Indices of Dominance, Diversity and Evenness of the tropical rainforest that was more favorable than the tropical grassland. However, presence of viable resources, the area of the ecosystem and specific biotic interactions, such as competition in clumped-distributed plants, greatly affects the diversity of plants since plants tend to disperse and develop in places or areas that have lesser competition and high amount of viable nutrients. Since the tropical rainforest showed most of the characteristics needed for a plant individual to diversify, we can conclude that the tropical rainforest is more diverse and exhibits higher species richness than the tropical grassland ecosystem. However, It is strongly recommended that the increase of transect size or area for research study regarding the diversity and richness of species to validate the errors in this exercise. Introduction A community, as defined in the Dictionary of Ecology (1962), is a group of one or more populations of organisms in a common spatial arrangement or area. How to cite Tropical Rainforests vs Tropical Grasslands, Essay examples

Legal Aspect of Gas and Oil Management

Question: Discuss the legal aspect of oil and gas management? Answer: Introduction Certain nations that are having huge quantities of natural resources use those resources to maintain their economic stability. They even gather funds that can be used for developmental purposes. In order to do so, the governments of such countries engage into legal contracts with those oil companies that operate in the international oil market and perform various activities associated with the exploration, drilling and processing of such natural resources with the aim of selling the processed resources in the market. The technical, economical and commercial aspects of such oil exploration processes are considered with great importance by both the parties: the government of the countries that are home to such resources and the organizations that are interested in the extraction or drilling procedures. For the exploration of natural resources, both the parties like the government and the oil companies must put efforts on the challenging task of the agreement. One of the challenges is t he negotiation process of such agreements. In most of the developing countries, including Mexico, Bolivia and Kazakhstan, the natural resources like that of oil and natural gas are considered to be the national assets, instead of being the property of any individual or private organization or entity. The legal right over the surface land is not considered when the governments of these nations claim their right over the natural resources that lay beneath the ground: the constitutions of these countries are enshrined by laws that validate this process. In this essay, the legal aspect of oil and gas management is discussed, and the contracts that are about the legality of oil and gas management are discussed. Definition of Contract The voluntary and deliberate agreement between two or more parties that is bound by law is known as a contract (Berthelot, Coulmont Thibault, 2013). In general, contracts are well documented by the competent parties that take part in the agreement, but might also be implied in some other form or be developed as a verbal agreement. The elements that are fundamental for a contract are legality, capacity, consideration and mutual assent (Bhar Mallik, 2012). The following factual elements are to be in consideration for the legal existence of a contract: I. An offer that is being made by one party to another. II. The evidence of the acceptance of the offer. III. A promise regarding the performance of any job IV. A mentionable consideration V. A time span within which the promised performance will be made VI. Various terms and conditions that apply to the process of fulfilling the above mentioned promises. Parameter setting There are some stakeholders for the process of exploration of natural resources. But the fact is that the Government of these nations does not put much attention in the development of such contracts and its negotiation. According to Bilstad, Stenberg, Jensen, Larsen and Toft (2013), the experienced and esteemed lawyers are appointed to look after the legal aspects of these contracts, engineers, and engineering firms are appointed to look after the technical aspects of the contracts being drafted. When there is direct negotiation process, there are successful oil contract generations. However, it is found in general that various complex issues are involved the process of negotiating an oil extraction contract, as such negotiations are more often than not flourished by indecision (Uk.practicallaw.com, 2015). According to Boschee (2013), the indecisions being associated with the lack of knowledge of the location of probable oil field, the lack of any estimation of the amount of oil that could be drilled out of the oil wells and / or the lack of capability of the parties taking part in the contract to make predictions about the future of the market. The experience of domain experts, along with judgmental power are essentially required so as find out the priority and importance of each of these factors, such that a balanced contract can be prepared: however it should also be considered that no such contract is identical to another, as the importance and the priority of the above m entioned factors keep on changing from time to time and from place to place. During the process of negotiation of oil contract, certain factors are to be kept in consideration. These are the probable costs associated with the operational activities of oil drilling, the fluctuations of the market, the probable size of the oil fields and the estimated quantity of oil and natural gases that could be drilled from the oil wells and so on and so forth. Negotiation issues Negotiation process issues are given below: 1) Environmental as well as social issues are not considered for suing the negotiation process. 2) Natural resources conflict zone. Time Zone Factor For the process of negotiation of oil contracts, time responsive factors include: I. The price of crude oil in the international market II. Socio-political and economic condition of the country and III. The inter-dependency of the above mentioned factors To confirm the various changes, the oil contracts must be defined in such a way that it can change itself from time to time. Indigenous communities The interests of indigenous groups should be considered by the government during the negotiation process. The various indigenous communities, who are socially and economically affected by the oil contracts, are drafted in between the governments of the nations and the oil companies demand compensations (Dauwalter, 2013). Transparency When the terms conditions and prices are quoted in the contracts, are disclosed to the public, the indigenous communities of the nation can accept legal contracts between oil companies and government. It must be ensured that the minimum level of transparency is maintained at the process of oil contract negotiation. Interest Conflict During the process of negotiation, there is a chance of conflict in regards to the interest of the Governmental part. This is because the government is considered to be one of the parties who is involved in oil contract (Foster, 2012). One hand of the government tries in profit maximization of the nation. The other hand tries to control the interest of the indigenous communities of the country. Expert Negotiators The extraction process of oil and natural gas involves certain aspects like economical, legal, technological and environmental. The government must employ experienced domain experts to look after these aspects of the oil contracts, as the international oil employ such experts so as to conduct the negotiation process. Oil contract types Various types of oil contracts that occur in between oil companies and the government are as follows: License Agreements License Agreements and Concession Agreements process let the oil companies to earn exclusive rights to develop infrastructure, oil fields exploration, and oil extraction and sell oil in the international market. The company pays a license fee to the government, which the government retains, not withstanding production (Skea, Chaudry and Wang, 2012). Then the production starts, the company pays income taxes and royalty to the government. Thus, such contracts put the government in the advantageous position. Production sharing agreement (PSA) PSA agreements gather the process of oil and natural gas exploration for both the parties that are involved in the contract. The government and the oil company that is involved in the operational activities of drilling of oil are dealt with PSA (Garren Brinkmann, 2012). The government also has to take the burden of risks that are associated with the process of oil extraction. However, the government is relieved of the task of taking decisions regarding the operations of the oil fields as this part of the operational activity is considered as the responsibility of the oil companies. Thus, it can be said that such types of agreements mandate the participation of the government in the process of oil extraction. Joint Venture Agreement The profits that are generated from the exploration of oil and natural gas are shared by both the parties who are involved in the contract according to this contract. The government and the oil company that is involved in the operational activities of drilling of oil are involved in JVA. The government also has to take the burden of risks that are associated with the process of oil extraction (Samosir, Popineau and Lechon, 2013). However, the government is relieved of the task of taking decisions regarding the operations of the oil fields as this part of the operational activity is considered as the responsibility of the oil companies. Thus, it can be said that such types of agreements mandate the participation of the government in the process of oil extraction. Service agreements The process of disbursement is facilitated by the participation of oil companies and the government. These agreements are not found to be common in oil and gas exploration fields. Terms of contract Work plan When companies realize that a particular plan might not be profitable for them, they tend to delay or shelve the projects. A possible safeguard that the government can introduce against such strategies implemented by the oil companies is that they can clearly state those circumstances only under which the companies will be allowed to shelve or delay it (Lefsrud, Graves Phillips, 2013). Stabilization Clause Drafting of oil contracts must be done in that particular way that ensures stabilization clause is not included in contracts. These clauses deal with the restriction of implementation of certain legislative clauses of the nation for operational activities of oil companies (Gobyr, 2013). Parties The drafting of oil contracts must be done in such a way that it does not make the government be one of the contact parties. This strategy is taken so as to not bear any direct and unlimited liability of the contract. On the other hand, the government can participate in the contract by the process of making the government enterprise a direct party involved in the contract. Mission of government in negotiation process During the process of negotiating any oil contract with international oil corporations, the government should consider the development of the country as the sole interest and mission. The government should also try to include such clauses in the contracts that would ensure that the resources of the companies are utilized properly so that the infrastructure of the country is developed (Haber, 2013). The following section provides some insight into those factors that the government should consider during the negotiation process: Employment Projects regarding oil exploration require a large number of manpower. To employ the members of indigenous project community, the government must involve clauses for maintaining it. Sustainable Development It must be kept in mind by the Government that oil and natural gas is limited. This exploration of such non-renewable sources of energy must be done according to requirement. Rate of extraction of non-renewable sources of energy must be limited to one particular oil company (Krupa, 2013). Dispute Resolution Mechanism For the process of dispute resolution, the various mechanisms that are used must be stated unambiguously in the drafted contract (Wilson, 2013). The most common methods of dispute methods, as mentioned in oil contracts are: I. The parties that are involved in any oil contract that approach any court of law in the case of disputes: however it should also be considered that most court proceedings are highly time-consuming processes. II. International Commercial Arbitration laws can also be used so as to resolve disputes regarding those contracts that are signed between international oil companies and governments of various nations. Conclusion and recommendation Government of such countries that have very large natural resources reserves like natural gas, oil and coal face problem related to the nature of the contract and its clauses. Most of the organizations that are associated with the process of extraction of oil and natural gases operate in the international domain and specialize in this particular sector, they are much more experienced in such negotiating process that are used to determine the type of contract being made and the clauses that are being mentioned in the contracts. Such companies indulge in all necessary procedures that would lead to the reduction of costs on the part that they often tailor their negotiation strategies according to the political, economical and social conditions that prevail in the impugned country (Rawlins, 2013). During the negotiation process, very often than not, the oil companies express such behavioral traits that might be easily considered as cynical, inflexible and aggressive. For these reasons, it is very necessary for the Governments to ensure strict procedures and policies to strategies the contract process of negotiation. According to Rawlins (2013), three most important strategies that the nations follow for the adaptation of natural resources to negotiate contract with oil companies are as follows: I. Forming indigenous state-owned companies that would handle the process of exploration of natural resources, processing of the crude resources and proper marketing of the products. Countries like Venezuela, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and Oman use such strategies to exploit their natural resources. II. Inviting international oil companies to participate in the process of exploiting the natural resources. Countries like United Kingdom, Canada, and Russia employ such strategies to collect funds for their developmental procedures. III. Employing a combination of the above mentioned strategies, as done by companies like Indonesia, Nigeria, and Kazakhstan. Governments of other nation must choose at least one strategy from above to ensure suitability of political and socio-economic culture in the nation for engaging international oil companies in oil contracts. Reference List Berthelot, S., Coulmont, M., Thibault, K. (2013). Sustainability Content on Oil and Gas Company Websites. Business And Management Research, 2(1). doi:10.5430/bmr.v2n1p94 Bhar, R., Mallik, G. (2012). Inflation uncertainty, growth uncertainty, oil prices, and output growth in the UK. Empir Econ, 45(3), 1333-1350. doi:10.1007/s00181-012-0650-9 Bilstad, T., Stenberg, E., Jensen, B., Larsen, T., Toft, M. (2013). Offshore drilled cuttings management. AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas, 30(1), 47. doi:10.7494/drill.2013.30.1.47 Boschee, P. (2013). Tanker Conversions to FPSO: Design and Integrity Management Challenges. Oil And Gas Facilities, 2(05), 16-21. doi:10.2118/1013-0016-ogf Dauwalter, D. (2013). Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development. Fish Manag Ecol, 20(4), 289-301. doi:10.1111/fme.12007 Foster, P. (2012). Shale Gas Exploration Onshore UK, Energy Institute Lecture 21st Nov 2011. Energy Environment, 23(1), 207-208. doi:10.1260/0958-305x.23.1.207 Garren, S., Brinkmann, R. (2012). Linking greenhouse gas emissions to greenhouse gas reduction policies at the local government level in Florida. Greenhouse Gas Measurement And Management, 2(2-3), 146-161. doi:10.1080/20430779.2012.729987 Gobyr, I. (2013). Forming of the effective management system of repair service of oil and gas enterprises. RAJ, 24(2). doi:10.15535/73 Haber, I. (2013). Improving of the management system of material streams of oil and gas enterprises. RAJ, 24(2). doi:10.15535/86 Herbane, B. (2012). Exploring Crisis Management in UK Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises. J Contingencies Crisis Man, 21(2), 82-95. doi:10.1111/1468-5973.12006 Krupa, J. (2013). Optimal supply chain management in oil, gas, and power generation. Energy, 63, 400-401. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.024 Lefebvre, L. (2013). Smart Battery Thermal Management for PHEV Efficiency. Oil Gas Science And Technology Revue DIFP Energies Nouvelles, 68(1), 149-164. doi:10.2516/ogst/2012076 Lefsrud, L., Graves, H., Phillips, N. (2013). "Dirty Oil, Ethical Oil: Categorical Illegitimacy and the Struggle over the Alberta Oil Sands". Academy Of Management Proceedings, 2013(1), 13283-13283. doi:10.5465/ambpp.2013.13283abstract Rawlins, H. (2013). Sand Management Methodologies for Sustained Facilities Operations. Oil And Gas Facilities, 2(05), 27-34. doi:10.2118/1013-0027-ogf Samosir, T., Popineau, D., Lechon, A. (2013). Implementing a Deepwater-Pipeline-Management System. Oil And Gas Facilities, 2(06), 86-91. doi:10.2118/165586-pa Skea, J., Chaudry, M., Wang, X. (2012). The role of gas infrastructure in promoting UK energy security. Energy Policy, 43, 202-213. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.12.057 Uk.practicallaw.com,. (2015). Practical Law. Retrieved 2 August 2015, from https://uk.practicallaw.com/5-524-5349?q=*qp=qo=qe=# Wilson, A. (2013). Reservoir Management for World's First Thermal Gas/Oil Gravity-Drainage Project. Journal Of Petroleum Technology, 65(03), 140-143. doi:10.2118/0313-0140-jpt